These sources can help you verify the truth or falsity of specific claims.
Snopes began in 1994 examining urban legends, but has expanded to general fact-checking.
A site that examines bias in media from all points of the political spectrum. It includes a "Daily Source Bias Check" that examines the truthfulness and bias of various news sources.
A non-partisan site that focuses on political claims.
A site that rates the accuracy of claims made by U.S. politicians with the Truth-o-Meter.
Fact-checks stories that are trending.
Tips and tricks for spotting questionable news sites. The list is maintained by Melissa Zimdars, assistant professor of Communications at Merrimack College.
A list of unreliable news websites, assembled from many of the sources above.
Fake news is not news you disagree with.
"Fake news" is "fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent. Fake-news outlets, in turn, lack the news media's editorial norms and processes for ensuring the accuracy and credibility of information. Fake news overlaps with other information disorders, such as misinformation (false or misleading information) and disinformation (false information that is purposely spread to deceive people)." [David M. J. Lazer, et al., "The Science of Fake News," Science 09 Mar 2018: Vol. 359, Issue 6380, pp. 1094-1096.].
Websites created to mimic mainstream news sites:
Advertisements designed to look like news stories:
Look for labels: a corporate logo. Or a tiny statement indicating Paid Post, Advertisement, or Sponsored by. Or the tiny Ad Choices triangle at the upper right corner of an image.
Satire (for example, The Onion).
If you have an immediate emotional reaction to a news article or source: pause, reflect, investigate. Exciting an emotional reaction is a primary goal of fake news producers. Do not be part of a viral fake news spiral.
Independently verify the source (by performing a separate search) and independently verify the information (through more mainstream news sources or fact-checking sites).
Select news sources known for high-quality, investigative reporting. Search these sources directly. Don't settle for web search results or social media news feeds. Social media algorithms are designed to present the news that reinforces your current views, not a balanced view.
Look for lengthy articles--long-form reporting--that begin to capture some of the complexity of topics and events. One or two paragraphs is not sufficient. Here's an example from Slate: https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/10/chile-protests-against-president-pinera-and-deep-inequality.html.